LOCATION FILE
Pumapunku, Tiwanaku
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OVERVIEW
Pumapunku is a terraced platform complex within the Tiwanaku site on the Bolivian Altiplano, famous for its fine-cut andesite and sandstone blocks.
HISTORY
Its masonry and its altitude have made it a fixture of alternative-archaeology books and ancient-alien television. The archaeologist Jeb J. Card notes it as a staple of the genre; Alexei Vranich points to local precursors of its forms at Pukara and Chiripa as solid evidence against the claim that it has none, and attributes the ruins to the inhabitants of the Titicaca basin.
REPORTED ACTIVITY
The entry is vetted as a real and remarkable site; the claim of extraterrestrial or lost-civilisation builders is recorded as the pseudoscience the archaeology shows it to be. Franco D. Rossi has criticised ancient-alien writers for calling the Aymara a "Stone Age people" who could not have built it.
VISITING
The Tiwanaku site, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is open to visitors in the Andes of western Bolivia.
SITE PLAN
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EXTERNAL RESOURCES
INVESTIGATION RECORD
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HISTORICAL RECORD · 0 CITED ENTRIES
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COMMUNITY EVIDENCE
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GROUP FINDINGS